Connecticut Women and World War I

Introduction

During the height of the Great War in Europe, the Connecticut press was flush with headlines promoting and recording countless examples of war work.  As Washington began sending troops abroad, various media outlets, social clubs and medical organizations, as well as the State of Connecticut, called upon women at home to rise to the occasion and mobilize.  Women contributed to the war effort in the areas of food conservation, fundraising, registering women for work in the field and factory, and public health and hygiene.  Some organizations even appealed to the wanderlust of American women, and sent them abroad working as ambulance drivers and nurses for the Red Cross.  Young women jumped at the opportunity to “do their part” for the war effort.  Prior to the outbreak of war, during the period generally termed by historians as the Progressive Era, Connecticut was abundant with women’s organizations and civic-minded movements.  The federal and state governments appealed to these various civic groups for their help in defense efforts and the response of women has been cited as crucial to the acceptance of woman suffrage in the post-war period.

Nevertheless, not all Connecticut women rallied to support the war; some organizations opposed U.S. entry into the war, or expressed ambivalence.  Organizations such as the Woman’s Peace Party were formed in response to the coming of American intervention in World War One.  The Connecticut Woman’s Suffrage Association (CWSA) temporarily lost the more radical wing of its leadership in response to the war.  President Katharine Houghton Hepburn and Treasurer Josephine Bennett resigned their positions with the CWSA, citing their reluctance to see the subordination of suffrage work to war relief during the military conflict.  During the war, radical suffrage leaders collaborated with Bridgeport trade unionists to send Connecticut women to picket for the woman’s vote in Washington, D.C.  The working women of Bridgeport, immigrant and native-born, were deeply affected by American mobilization.  The wartime boom gave them the confidence to strike in support of the eight-hour workday in 1915 and for other benefits in 1919.  In short, the First World War gave exceptionally diverse groups of women the opportunity, and leverage, to advocate for political and economic enfranchisement.

      —Allison Norrie

 

Timeline

• 1869       Isabella Beecher Hooker founds the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA)
• 1900       First United States Navy submarine, Holland, constructed by Electric Boat Co
• 1914       First World War begins in Europe
• 1915       Germans attack the Lusitania (20 passengers from Connecticut are on board)
• 1915       Bridgeport becomes a munitions boom town and women workers win 8-hour day
• 1916       Margaret Sanger opens first American birth control clinic with support from her Connecticut friend Katharine Houghton Hepburn
• 1917       The United States enters the First World War
• 1917       Connecticut Division of Women’s Committee of the Council of National Defense organized
• 1917       Katherine Houghton Hepburn and Josephine Bennett resign from the CWSA leadership
• 1918       Connecticut Minute Women register women for factory work
• 1918       World War One ends
• 1919       Treaty of Versailles
• 1920       Women’s suffrage achieved in the United States

How to Search

To explore the topic of women and World War I in online Connecticut newspapers, go to http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/, click on the “Advanced Search” tab, select “Connecticut,” select the years “1917-1918,” and enter these terms in the boxes called “with the phrase” or “with ALL the words.” You can also try a “proximity search” by using the box named “with the words within 5 words of each other.”  To research issues related to women and the munitions production boom, use “1915-1918” as the year delimiter instead.

Suggested Search Terms

• Canteens
• Central War Work Committee
• Committee on Women’s Activities
• Connecticut State Council of Defense [with “women” within 5 words]
• Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association
• Council of National Defense AND women
• Food conservation
• Food demonstration
• Girls’ Patriotic League
• Health and Recreation Committee
• Home conservation
• Katharine Ludington
• Liberty Loan Campaign AND women
• Mary Bulkley
• Minute Women
• National Woman’s Party
• Nurses
• Red Cross
• Remington Arms AND girls
• Caroline Ruutz-Rees
• Suffragist(s)
• Travellers’ Aid
• Union Metallic Cartridge AND girls Valeria Parker
• War Camp Community Service
• Warner Brothers’ Corset AND strike
• Woman’s Committee AND Council of National Defense
• Woman’s Division AND Connecticut Council of Defense
• Woman’s land army
• Woman’s Peace Party

Sample Search Results

• “Bridgeport Girl Seeking Thrills. .  .  ,” The Bridgeport times and evening farmer. (Bridgeport, Conn.), January 2, 1918, page 8, col. 3. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-01-02/ed-1/seq-8/>

• “The Call from No Man’s Land,” The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), May 24, 1918, page 10, col. 1. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-05-24/ed-1/seq-10/>

• “Care of Children War Time Duty of the American Woman,” The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), January 28, 1918, page 3, col. 3. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-01-28/ed-1/seq-3/>

• “Enthusiasm for Eight Hour Day Marks Mass Meeting of Striking Warner Operatives,” The Bridgeport Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), August 17, 1915, page 4, col. 1. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1915-08-17/ed-1/seq-4/>

• “Everything Set Up for the United War Work Campaign,” Norwich Bulletin (Norwich, Conn), November 7, 1918, page 6. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014086/1918-11-07/ed-1/seq-6/>

• “Italian Countess to Study Women Activities Here,” The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), November 22, 1918, page 8, col. 1. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-11-22/ed-1/seq-8/

• “Made-in-Connecticut War Interviews: An Interview with Dr. Valeria H. Parker of Hartford,” Norwich Bulletin (Norwich, Conn), February 15, 1918, page 10. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014086/1918-02-15/ed-1/seq-10/>

• “The Man in France: Published by the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association,” The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), November 1, 1918, SECOND SECTION, page 20. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-11-01/ed-1/seq-20/

• “The Minute Women of Bridgeport Start on a House-to-House canvass. .  . ,” The Bridgeport times and evening farmer (Bridgeport, Conn.), September 23, 1918, page 8. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-09-23/ed-1/seq-8/>.

• “Miss Ludington’s Address at Suffrage Convention,” The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), November 13, 1919, page 8, col. 1. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1919-11-13/ed-1/seq-8/>

• “Propaganda is Responsible for False Articles: Head of Nurses’ Association Scores Statements as Without Truth,” The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), June 12, 1918, page 2, col. 5. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-06-12/ed-1/seq-2/>

• “Red Cross Issues Call to Nurses for War Service,” The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), February 1, 1918, page 15, col. 5. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-02-01/ed-1/seq-15/>

• “Suffragist Officers Consent to Co-operate with Organizations; Won’t Withdraw Resignations,” Bridgeport Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), September 20, 1917, page 9. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1917-09-20/ed-1/seq-9/>

• “These supplies have been sent by your Bridgeport Red Cross to your soldiers during the past six months,” The Bridgeport Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), December 19, 1917, page 10.  Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1917-12-19/ed-1/seq-10/>

•  “Victory of Suffragists in New York is Ascribed to Influence of Germans,” The Bridgeport Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), December 13, 1917, page 11, col. 3. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1917-12-13/ed-1/seq-11/>

• “War Gas Perils Not Confined to Men Who Face Deadly Fumes at the Front,” The Bridgeport Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), September 29, 1916, page 12, col. 2. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1916-09-29/ed-1/seq-12/>

• “War Service of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs,” The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), May 18, 1918, page 8. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-05-18/ed-1/seq-8/>

• “The Woman’s Committee of the Council of National Defense,” The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), December 10, 1918, page 12, col. 2. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-12-10/ed-1/seq-12/>

• “Woman’s Peace Party May Have Branch Here; Mass Meeting Sunday,” The Bridgeport Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), February 24, 1915, page 5, col. 2. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022472/1915-02-24/ed-1/seq-5/>

• “Women Can Make Planes We Need,” The Bridgeport Times and Evening Farmer (Bridgeport, Conn), September 6 1918, page 8col. 1. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92051227/1918-09-06/ed-1/seq-8/>

 

Bibliography

Anthony, Susan B., Collection.  Hartford History Center,  Hartford Public Library.  Hartford.

Bucki, Cecelia.  “Connecticut’s Industrial Fortress” in Bridgeport’s Socialist New Deal.  Urbana:  University of Illinois Press, 2001, pp. 11-40.

Brown, Carrie.  “From Corsets to Cartridges: Bridgeport, 1915-1916” in Rosie’s Mom: Forgotten Workers of the First World War.  Hanover, NH:  University Press of New England, 2002, pp. 45-68.

Ehrenreich, John H.  The Altruistic Imagination:  A History of Social Work and Social Policy in the United States.  Ithaca, New York:  Cornell University Press, 1985.

Higonnet, Margaret R.  Nurses at the Front:  Writing the Wounds of the Great War.  Boston:  Northeastern University Press, 2001.

Kennedy, David M.  Over Here:  The First World War and American Society.  New York:  Oxford University Press, 1980, pp. 284-287.

Nichols, Carole.  Votes and More for Women:  Suffrage and After in Connecticut.  New York:  Haworth Press, 1983. Found at the State Library at http://www.consuls.org:80/record=b1457044~S1.

Steinson, Barbara J.  American Women’s Activism in World War I.  New York:  Garland Publishing, 1982.

The Suffrage News Bulletin, 1918-1920. Women’s Suffrage Archives.  Hartford History Center. Hartford Public Library, Hartford.

Woman Suffrage Association, Connecticut, 1869-1921 (RG 101).  Connecticut State Library.  Finding Aid available at <http://ctstatelibrary.org/RG101.html>.

Woman’s Division, Council of Defense Records, 1917-1919 (RG 030).  Connecticut State Library.  Finding Aid available at < http://ctstatelibrary.org/RG030.html>.

Zieger, Robert H.  America’s Great War: World War I and the American Experience.  Lanham MD:  Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.